John N. Choate, Native American group of Carlisle Indian Industrial School Male and Female Students; Brick Dormitories And Bandstand in Background, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1879.

John N. Choate, Native American group of Carlisle Indian Industrial School Male and Female Students; Brick Dormitories And Bandstand in Background, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1879.

Portrait of Marcia Pascal, a young Cherokee woman, USA, 1880.
Source: Glass Negatives of Indians (Collected by the Bureau of American Ethnology)

Portrait of Marcia Pascal, a young Cherokee woman, USA, 1880.

Source: Glass Negatives of Indians (Collected by the Bureau of American Ethnology)

Native American Woman, ca. 1855.
Source: Getty Museum

Native American Woman, ca. 1855.

Source: Getty Museum

Portrait of Ishi, reportedly the last Native American in Northern California to have lived most of his life completely outside the European American culture, ca. 1915.
Source: Online Archive of California

Portrait of Ishi, reportedly the last Native American in Northern California to have lived most of his life completely outside the European American culture, ca. 1915.

Source: Online Archive of California

Irvin M. Peithmann, Unidentified old Seminole Indian woman at the Dania Seminole Indian Reservation, Florida, January 1958.
Source: Florida Memory, Irvin M. Peithmann collection

Irvin M. Peithmann, Unidentified old Seminole Indian woman at the Dania Seminole Indian Reservation, Florida, January 1958.

Source: Florida Memory, Irvin M. Peithmann collection

Charles A. Zimmerman, Wa-kan-o-zhan-zhan (Medicine Bottle), executed at Fort Snelling, November 11, 1865, for participating in the Minnesota massacre of 1862, ca. 1862.
Source: New York Public Library

Charles A. Zimmerman, Wa-kan-o-zhan-zhan (Medicine Bottle), executed at Fort Snelling, November 11, 1865, for participating in the Minnesota massacre of 1862, ca. 1862.

Source: New York Public Library

Seated, left to right: Yellow Bear, Jack Red Cloud, Big Road, Little Wound, Black Crow; Standing, left to right: Red Bear, Young Man Afraid of His Horses, Good Voice, Ring Thunder, Iron Crow, White Tail, and Young Spotted Tail, USA, 1860-1880.

Seated, left to right: Yellow Bear, Jack Red Cloud, Big Road, Little Wound, Black Crow; Standing, left to right: Red Bear, Young Man Afraid of His Horses, Good Voice, Ring Thunder, Iron Crow, White Tail, and Young Spotted Tail, USA, 1860-1880.

John N. Choate, Portrait of Marsdin, Non-Native Man, and Group of Students from the Alaska region, 1893.

John N. Choate, Portrait of Marsdin, Non-Native Man, and Group of Students from the Alaska region, 1893.